Barney, who is clearly still having a hard time focusing on his PhD studies, sent me a copy of an essay by Wolfhart Pannenberg to read. We will be discussing it tonight over a pint, so I’ve taken the opportunity to summarise it here and present some initial thoughts regarding its relevance for what I am calling the narrative-historical method. The essay is “The Crisis of the Scripture Principle”. It was delivered as a lecture on a number of occasions in the US in 1963 (so Americans understand the argument already) and is included in the collections of essays Basic Questions in Theology, Vol. 1.
The tasks of theology
Systematic theology, Pannenberg says, is pulled in two directions. In the first place, it must be faithful to its origin, “the revelation of God in Jesus Christ as this is attested in Scripture”. But it also has the universal task of understanding “all being… in relation to God, so that without God they [sic] simply could not be understood” (1). Briefly put: “the revelation of God as the revelation of God is only borne in mind when all other truth and knowledge is organised around it and appropriated by it” (2).
Protestant theology, grounded in a medieval “Scripture-positivism”, has tended to restrict itself to the first task, the exposition of the biblical witness, although the content of scripture (the world, humanity, God, the course of history) always raises universal questions.
However, by confining itself to the “science of revelation” and not pursuing the universal task of making sense of reality in relation to God, Protestant theology isolated itself from the “extra-theological sciences” (3).
This led to a situation in which theology and the secular sciences came to be increasingly at odds with each other, because the foundation of theology, Scripture, “was assailed by criticism”. The outcome was a crisis for modern Protestant theology.
Pannenberg summarises the process: “The concentration upon Scripture and renunciation of the secular sciences had already set in motion the process that resulted in the dissolution of the Scripture principle” (4).
Protestant theology and historical criticism
The uncomfortable relationship between the “Scripture principle” and historical criticism goes back to the development of rules for the interpretation of scripture in the fourteenth century (William of Ockham, for example). So we get to a situation where church dogma might “contradict the results obtained by theologians expounding the pertinent Scripture passages on the basis of these rules” (5).
Luther’s doctrine of the clarity of scripture was a direct development from these rules, and it was on these grounds that he opposed the papal teaching office.
This explains why historical-critical exegesis has been so important for Protestant theology. “The doctrine of the clarity of Scripture necessarily led to the demand that each theological statement should be based on the historical-critical exposition of Scripture” (6).
Two things, however, have changed since Luther’s time because we have a heightened historical consciousness. i) We no longer accept that the historical content of scripture is identical with its literal sense. We look for history not in the texts but behind the texts. ii) We find it impossible to “overlook the historical distance between every possible theology today and the primitive Christian period”. We can’t simply believe what the New Testament churches believed.
The solution to the first problem, in Pannenberg’s view, is “to keep in mind the connection between the figure of Jesus and the primitive Christian proclamation of him” (8). Essentially, this means affirming the resurrection as a historical event.
Hermeneutics, horizons and history
The solution to the second problem is more complicated. The more we pursue the exegetical goal of understanding the biblical writings “solely as their authors intended them to be understood and as their original readers understood them”, the more acutely we become aware of the gulf between the intellectual world of the biblical texts and our own.
(Welcome to my world!)
The modern historical consciousness has made it impossible for theology to be naïvely “biblical”. “For in a changed situation the traditional phrases, even when recited literally, do not mean what they did at the time of their original formulation” (9).
So the question is how is this gulf to be bridged.
Modern hermeneutics since Gadamer has construed the task as a fusion of two horizons—“an expansion of the intellectual horizon of the interpreter to such an extent that it can also encompass the horizon of the text to be interpreted”. This sounds fine in principle, but Pannenberg is sceptical whether this can be done in any meaningful sense in practice.
If we are to bring “modern thought again into a more conscious connection with Christian tradition”, it will not be achieved by reverting to the “authoritarian forms of thought and life from which modern secular culture has freed itself”—in other words, not by the naïve, uncritical recital of traditional biblical phrases.
Rather, it must be shown to the secular present that its own hope for the future becomes recognisable in the event that was foundational for primitive Christianity, and whose meaning for that time was that the eschatological future of the world and the whole human race has dawned. (10)
This is where it gets very interesting…
This is where it gets very interesting from a narrative-historical point of view.
First, Pannenberg says that the historical difference between the two worlds, the biblical and the modern, has to be recognised as being theologically significant: “this difference is itself a moment in the action among men of the future of God which appeared in Jesus”.
This means, secondly, that “the attempt must be made to show which motifs of this primitive Christian faith push beyond the limits of the primitive Christian, the patristic, and the medieval worlds”. That is, we must bring New Testament eschatology into focus.
Then, thirdly, and crucially, he argues that it must be shown that “these impulses have not been impotent in relation to the realities confronting them, but that they have cleared the way for—even if they did not alone produce—the history of Christianity subsequent to these periods as well as its supersession by secular culture in the modern period” (10-11).
So instead of the attempt to expand the modern horizon to encompass the world of the biblical texts, both worlds are viewed “within that horizon which alone connects them without allowing their differences to disappear, viz., the horizon of the process of history itself” (11). In other words, it is only the narrative of history that connects us with scripture.
Pannenberg adds what seems to me the unnecessary apologetic claim that the concept of universal history is a biblical invention: “The universal-historical theme of modern philosophy of history was inherited from Jewish apocalyptic and Christian theology of history” (12). He recognises that the idea has become problematic in the modern era but points out that “even the modern natural sciences tend toward a historical understanding of the totality of reality”.
So what it comes down to is this: it is biblical eschatology that will reconnect theology as the exposition of scripture with theology as an account of “the totality of all events”. As Pannenberg puts it, “even for primitive Christianity, the meaning of the resurrection of Jesus was based on the conviction, held by those contemporaries who lived in apocalyptic expectations, that with this event the end of all things had already arrived” (12-13).
Some general reflections…
- I wonder whether the Protestant emphasis on scripture was really to blame for the “dissolution of the Scripture principle”. It’s hard to imagine a parallel Protestant systematic theology holding its place in the Enlightenment project and safeguarding biblical interpretation from a thoroughgoing historical criticism.
- It’s not clear to what extent, or in what way, Panneberg’s argument amounts to a defence of systematic theology. We begin with systematic theology as an account of “all being” in relation to God, but we end with a somewhat qualified notion of universal history.
- To my mind the eschatological confrontation with secularism is prophetic rather than systematic. It is not about understanding all things in relation to God. It is much more an unsolicited challenge from outside, or at least from a very unstable position on the fringes of the secular worldview.
- Theology cannot compete today with the secular sciences as a universal description of reality. The most it can do is project an alternative “virtual reality” for the believing community. This reduces the tension between the two tasks defined at the outset. Theology does not have to account for the whole of reality in relation to God. It only has to account for an alternative reality.
- I enthusiastically affirm the three statements about history. It is history, not epistemology, that bridges the two horizons of text and modern reader. The narrative arises in the biblical texts. The narrative is not impotent; it finds development or “fulfilment” in historical events.
- However, theology should not isolate the historical event of the resurrection from the story of Israel. The resurrection of Jesus belongs to the particular history of Israel before it anticipates the end of all things.
- If the resurrection of Jesus obliges us to reckon with the story of Israel, then we have to ask about the place of the concrete community of the people of God in the historical narrative that runs between primitive Christianity and the modern period. The church as such barely figures in Pannenberg’s thesis.
- Pannenberg treats New Testament eschatology in reductionist, general terms. I would say that a properly historical hermeneutic must deal with the properly historical contingency of the New Testament’s view of the future. New Testament eschatology does not immediately envisage a universal history. It predicts realistic outcomes—notably, the war against Rome, and the conversion of the pagan empire. Here is the clearest demonstration that the impulses that pushed beyond the limits of early Christianity were not impotent.
- This sets us up both for the history of theology, as Pannenberg has constructed it, and for its “supersession by secular culture in the modern period”. But what now challenges the hegemony of Western secular humanism is not the mere kerygma about the resurrection but the marginalised presence of a prophetic community whose Lord reigns at the right hand of God.
Look forward to discussing it tonight!
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